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CHAPTER 14 TEST

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Biology

STARFISH DISSECTION

INTRODUCTION:
     The phylum Echinodermata includes starfishes or sea stars,
brittle stars, sea urchins, sea lilies, and sea cucumbers.  All
but the last have a limy internal skeleton and hard external
spines or plates.  They are fixed or slow-moving inhabitants of
the sea, from the high-tide zone to considerable depths.  Often
they are abundant but none form colonies.  Species of shallow
water are easily collected by hand at low tide and deeper ones
are captured by dredging.  Those with skeletons are easily
prepared merely by drying but specimens for dissection are
preserved in formalin or alcohol.  Eggs of starfishes and sea
urchins can readily be obtained in quantity and fertilized as
needed; hence, they serve for study in embryonic development and
in many experimental researches on animal eggs.

     Common species of starfishes used for class work are
Asterias forbesi and A. vulgaris of the Atlantic coast and
Pisaster ochraceus of the Pacific coast.

PURPOSE:  To study the internal and external anatomy of a
starfish

MATERIALS:  A preserved specimen, dissecting pan, scalpel or
razor blade, probe, hand lens

CLASSIFICATION:
     Kingdom  - Animalia
     Phylum   - Echinodermata



1. EXTERNAL DISSECTION
     A. Study a fluid-preserved specimen in a pan of water and
           identify:
          1. Arms or rays - projecting from disc
          2. Central disc - poorly defined
          3. Oral surface - usually concave
          4. Aboral surface - exposed in life
          5. Madreporite - small white circular area, off-center
               on aboral surface of disc
          6. Anus - minute, centered aborally on disc
          7. Bivium - the two arms close to the madreporite
          8. Spines - many short, rough, limy, in patterns over
               aboral surface
          9. Eyespot - small, pigmented on one end of each arm
          10. Ambulacral grooves - one along oral surface of each
               ray
          11. Ambulacral spines - slender rods on margins of
               ambulacral grooves
          12. Tube feet - soft, slender, with expanded tips; 2 or
               4 rows in each groove
          13. Tentacle - soft, on end of each arm

     B. Examine a small area on the aboral surface under a
        binocular microscope and distinguish the following:
          1. Papulae or dermal branchiae - thin hollow soft
                projections which function as gills
          2. Pedicellariae - minute pincers with two jaws; in 
               circles around spines and elsewhere

2. INTERNAL DISSECTION
     With the starfish in water and the aboral surface uppermost,
use stout scissors to cut off the extreme tip of each arm of the
trivium.  Then cut along the sides of these three arms.  Use care
not to injure any internal organs.  In turn, lift and carefully
remove the aboral surface of each arm, loosening the delicate
mesenteries beneath by which the soft organs are attached. Also,
cut around the disc (but not the bivium) and remove the aboral
surface, leaving the madreporite in place.  Finally, cut
transversely, at mid-length, through one arm of the bivium to
provide a cross section.  Identify:

     Coelom or body cavity - space containing internal organs;
           lined with thin ciliated peritoneum.
     Stomach - disc, thin, sac-like, and 5-lobed, cardiac
           portion, larger, with pleated walls and retractor
           muscles; pyloric portion, aboral, smaller, 5-sided and
           smoother
     Intestine - very slender, short, from pyloric stomach to 
          anus
     Hepatic caeca - a pair in each arm, greenish, long, of many
          finger-like lobes, each caecum with duct to pyloric 
          stomach; also termer digestive glands, liver, or 
          pyloric caeca.
     Gonads - in each arm, below hepatic caeca, bilobed; each 
          attached by duct opening aborally; sexes separate.

3. WATER VASCULAR SYSTEM
     Remove the side of the stomach near the madreporite; then
starting from the latter, trace the parts of the system.  If
available, examine a demonstration specimen having the system
injected with colored mass.  Identify the following structures:

     1. Stone canal - limy tube in an angle of bivium, from 
          madreporite to ring canal.
     2. Ring canal - hard, circular, around mouth region
     3. Tiedemann bodies - nine, small swellings in ring canal
     4. Radial canal - from ring canal along each arm, see cross
          section; connects by transverse canals to ampullae.
     5. Ampullae - many, small, spherical, in floor of coelom -
          connect to tube feet
     6. Tube feet

     What is the mode of action of the water vascular system? 
How do the ampullae and tube feet act to affect locomotion?  How
do the tube feet serve in food taking?  In adhering to solid
objects?

 

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